The first quantitative identification and characterisation of stellar bars at z > 1. based on rest-frame NIR F444W images of high resolution (1.3 kpc at z 1–3), including two highest redshift bars at z 2.136 and 2.312. Not full census yet.

The barred host galaxies have stellar masses 1 × 10^10 to 2 × 10^11 M, star formation rates of 21–295 M yr−1, and several have potential nearby companions which might play a role in the formation of these substructures. 

The study demonstrates that bars form early in massive dynamically cold disks. projected semi-major axes of 2.9–4.3 kpc and moderate to high projected maximum ellipticities of 0.41–0.53 in the rest-frame NIR. 

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